1. ܥܘܬܕܐܢܝܫܝ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܩܪܒܼܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܬܫܪܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܡܒܪܝܬܐ ܕܚܕ ܕܘܪܫܐ ܐܟܕܝܡܝܐ ܒܝܠ ܟܠܝܗܝ ܝܠܝܦ̈ܐ ܘܝܕܘܥ̈ܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܡܛܠ ܡܝܬܝܬܐ ܠܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܐܢܝ ܥܠܠ̈ܐ ܘܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܒܘܫ ܓܡܝܪ̈ܐ ܠܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܘܡܪܡܬܗ ܠܚܕ ܕܪܓܼܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܘܦܫܝܛܐ ܕܡܨܐ ܡܓܡܪ ܠܘܠܝܬܗ ܓܘ ܝܠܦܬܐ ܕܩܪܝܬܐ ܘܟܬܒܼܬܐ، ܓܡܝܪܐ ܒܚܫܚܬ̈ܐ ܘܬܘܪܨܡܡܠܠܐ ܘܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܡܬܛܘܪ̈ܢܐ ܘܦܫܝܛ̈ܐ ܒܚܩܠܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܘܝܘܠܦܢܐ.
ܒܝܕ ܡܥܒܼܪܬܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܡܘܕܒܼܩܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܡܢܬ̈ܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܘܚܝܘܬܗ ܙܒܼܢܢܝܬܐ، ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܛܟܼܣܐ ܕܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܡܘܕܒܼܩ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܘܬܐ، ܬܘܪܨܡܡܠܠܐ ܡܘܕܒܼܩܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܡܢـܝܬ̈ܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܒܙܒܼܢܐ ܕܩܐܡ ܘܡܥܒܼܪܬܐ ܕܚܫܚܬ̈ܐ ܚܕܬ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܠܫܢܢ. ܣܘܟܠܝ ܝܠܗ ܕܐܚܢܢ ܒܡܨܝܐ ܝܘܚ ܠܐܙܠܐ ܥܡ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܦܪܡܝܬܐ ܕܥܡܢ ܘܚܘܕܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܕܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܪܚܩܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܟܝܢܝܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܒܐܚܪܬܐ ܗܘܐ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܢܘܟܼܪܝܐ ܥܠܗ ܘܒܗ̇ܝ ܐܚܪܝܬܐ ܦܐܫ ܡܐܝܟܿ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܡܝܬܐ ܐܚܟ̰ܝ ܦܝܫܐ ܕܟܼܝܪܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝ̈ܐ ܕܝܕܘܥ̈ܐ ܘܝܠܝܦ̈ܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܨܘܒ̈ܐ( ܘܝܠܗ ܒܙܒܼܢܐ ܕܩܐܡ). ܐܝܬܠܝ ܣܒܼܪܐ ܕܬܚܡܢܬܝ ܐܗܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܡܛܠ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܘܦܝܫܬܐ ܕܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܚـܝܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܕܫܩܠܐ ܫܘܦܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܪ̈ܫܐ ܘܒܘܨܝ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܝܦ̈ܐ ܘܝܕܘܥ̈ܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܘܟܠ ܚܕ ܕܐܝܬܠܗ ܣܒܼܪܐ ܒܝܕ ܚـܝܬܐ ܘܐܡܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܐܘܡܬܐ ܕܦܠܚ ܒܩܫܝܘܬܐ ܘܒܣܘܪܗܒܼܐ ܡܛܠ ܡܥܒܼܪܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܚܘܕܬܐ ܓܘ ܠܫܢܢ. ܐܚܟ̰ܝ ܒܐܗܐ ܦܨܠܐ ܒܕ ܡܨܚ ܩܪܒܢܚ ܠܡܢܬ̈ܐ ܕܐܘܡܬܢ ܒܫܘܡܗ̈ܝ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܘܚܠܢܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܘܐܡܝܢܘܬܗ ܒܕܥܬܝܕ.
ܐܝܬܠܝ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܟܠܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܬܫܪܪܐ ܒܕ ܒܪܐ ܚܕ ܕܘܪܫܐ ܕܪܩܘܒܼܠܝܐ ܚܪܘܦܐ ܘܠܐ ܣܙܓܪܬܐ ܟܠܢܝܬܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܪ̈ܢܝܐ ܕܚـܘܕܬܐ ܘܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ، ܐܝܢܐ ܒܗ̇ܝ ܥܕܢܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܐ ܩܐ ܕܐܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܨܘܦܐ ܡܨܝܬܐ ܠܓܫܘܩܐ ܠܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܘܬܐ ܘܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܒܪ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘܝܗܝ ܡܛܠ ܐܡܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܢ̈ܐ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܟܝܢܝܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ.
2. ܬܫܪܪܐ ܒܓܕܝܡܘܬܐܢܝܫܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܫܟ̰ܚܬܐ ܕܚܕܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܥܠܡܝܬܐ ܡܛܠ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܒܚܩܠ̈ܐ ܕܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ، ܚܫܚܬ̈ܐ ܘܬܘܪܨܡܡܠܠܐ.
ܬܫܪܪܢ ܝܠܗ ܚܕܐ ܡܢܗܪܬܐ ܥܠ ܠܫܢܢ ܘܦܘܠܓܼ̈ܐ ܕܗܘܐܠܗܘܢ ܡܥܠ ܙܒܼܢܐ ܒܥܠܠ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܘܐܢ ܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܐܙܠ݇ܐ ܒܐܗܐ ܨܘܪܬܐ، ܐܢ̈ܐ ܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܝ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܡܚܕܕ̈ܐ ܡܐܝܟܿ ܕܡܚـܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܘܬܐܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܟܢܘܫܝܝ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ.
ܬܫܪܪܢ ܐܗܐ ܡܚـܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܠܢ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܡܬܢ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܨܝܐ ܠܚـܝܘܕܐ ܠܥܙ̈ܗ ܕܘܟܬܢܝ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܘܪܚـܩܢܬܐ ܕܠܥܙ̈ܢ ܒܘܫ ܫܩܠܗܘܢ ܫܘܦܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܒܪܐܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܐܘܡܬܢ ܥܕܬܬ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܡܬܒܼܠܗܘܢ ܫܡܢ̈ܐ ܬܫܥܝܬܢܝ̈ܐ ܘܕܢܘܟܼܪ̈ܝܐ ܥܠ ܓܢܝܗܝ.
ܬܫܪܪܢ ܡܚـܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܐܟܼܝ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܡܥܪܒܼܐ ܫܘܢܐܠܗܘܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܠܬܝܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܠܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܗܡܙܡܬܐ ܕܥܡܡ̈ܐ. ܒܚـܙܝܐ ܝܘܚ ܠܫܢܐ ܘܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܘܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܥܒܼܪܗ ܓܘ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܘܫܘܘܫܛܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܝܘܬܐ ܒܥܠܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܼܪܬܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܡܘܕܒܼܩ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܪ̈ܓܼܫܐ ܘܣܘܟܠ̈ܐ ܝܘܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܥܡܝܗܝ.
ܦܠܛ̈ܐ ܕܡܨܐ ܠܢ ܕܡܛܚ ܥܠܝܗܝ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܬܫܪܪܐ ܝܢܐ ܐܢ ܚܕܐ ܐܘܡܬܐ ܠܝܬܠܗ̇ ܝܕܘܥܬܢ̈ܐ ܘܝܠܝܦ̈ܐ ܒܚـܩܠ̈ܐ ܕܡܬܘܛܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܘܪܢܝܐ ܒܪܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܗ̇ܝ ܐܘܡܬܐ ܗ̇ܝܓܗܐ ܗ̇ܝ ܐܘܡܬܐ ܒܦܫܪܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܪܕܘܬܗ̇ ܘܒܛܠܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܪܓܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܝܘܬܐ.
ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܡܥܠ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܡܚـܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܗ̇ܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܪܝܡܢܬܐ ܐܢ ܦܝܫܐ ܡܘܕܒܼܩܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܣܬܼܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܘܬܐܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܦܝܫܬܐ ܘܐܡܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܠܐ ܚـܘܕܬܐ ܘܒܪܝܬܐ ܚـܕܬܐ ܒܢܝ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܫܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܘܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܚـܝܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܘܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܕܗ̇ܘ ܥܡܐ ܚـܝܐ.
ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܟܝܢܝܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܬܗܘܝܢܬܐ ܒܥܠܠ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܝܡܢܐ ܘܢܩـܝܦܘܬ̈ܐ ܥܣܩ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܝܢܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܨܝܬ̈ܗ̇ ܘܚـܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܥܠܬܐ ܦܝܫܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܚܟ̰ܝ ܚܕܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܩܐ ܐܡܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ ܘܗ̇ܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܬܪܡܝܬܢܝܬܐ ܘܣܘܟܠܝ ܝܠܗ ܒܪܝܬܐ ܕܚܕܐ ܬܪܡܝܬܐ ܕܪܝܫܬܐ ܒܝܕܘܥܬܢ̈ܐ ܘܝܠܝܦ̈ܐ ܕܒܢ̈ܝ ܐܘܡܬܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܩܘܒܘܚـܝܬ̈ܐ ܡܛܠ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܘܚܘܕܬܗ ܕܚܒܼܫ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܪ̈ܓܼܫܐ ܘܗܢܝܢ̈ܐ ܕܟܠܗܘܢ ܩܘܒܘܚـܝܬܐ ܕܟܠܗ ܥܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܦܘܪܫܘܢܝܐ ܘܚـܝܕ ܠܣܪܛܐ، ܚܫܚܬ̈ܐ ܘܬܘܪܨܡܡܠܠܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ.
3. ܢܝܫܐܚܕ ܛܟܼܣܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܘܡܬܛܘܪܢܐ ܕܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ، ܕܚܫܚܬܼ̈ܐ ܘܬܘܪܨܡܡܠܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܕܐ ܦܣܘܥܬܐ ܩܐ ܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܡܬܢ ܘܓܡܝܪܘܬܗ ܘܫܘܘܫܛܗ.
4. ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐـ ܚܕܐ ܓܫܩܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܚܕܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ ـ
1.4 ܡܩܪܒܼܬܐܟܠܝ ܐܪ̈ܟܝܠܘܓܝܐ ܘܐܬܼܘܪ̈ܘܠܘܓ̰ܝܐ ܘܡܨܥ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܡܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܦܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܘܫܟ̰ܚܐ ܒܝܕ ܚܦܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܫܪܘܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܬܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܒܨܘܪܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܕܡ ܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܠܝܘܢ̈ܐ ܫܢ̈ܐ ܒܛܘܪܗ ܫܪܘܝܐ ܘܐܪ̈ܟܠܘܓܝܐ ܡܕܟܼܘܪܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܒܣܘܟܠܗ ܥܠܡܝܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܦܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܕܡ 40 ܐܠܦ̈ܐ ܫܢ̈ܐ ܘܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܪܢܫܐ ܒܥܒܼܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܪ̈ܗܛܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܘܒܢܝܬܐ ܕܒܝܬܘܬܐ ܘܟܦܫܬܐ ܓܘ ܩܘܒܘܚܝܬ̈ܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܓܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܐܚܪܬܐ ܟܢܘܫܝ̈ܐ ܘܐܡܘܬ̈ܐ.
ܐܝܡܢ ܕܚܕ ܟܢܫܐ ܓܘܪܐ ܒܚـܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܚܕܐ ܐܪܥܐ ܡܬܘܚܒܬܐ ܒܗܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܝܠ ܗܕܡ̈ܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܡܨܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܘܗܢܝܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܒܝܠ ܗܕܡ̈ܗ ܕܟܐ ܩܪܚܠܗ ܐܩܘܢܘܡܝܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܘܐܗܐ ܒܡܬܚܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܒܪܝܬܐ ܕܡܪܕܘܬܐ، ܬܫܥܝܬܐ، ܐܝܬܝܩܘܢ ܘܪ̈ܓܼܫܐ ܡܫܘܬܦ̈ܐ ܒܝܠ ܕܐܢ̈ܐ ܗܕܡ̈ܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܟܢܫܐ. ܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܢ̈ܐ ܥܡܠ̈ܐ ܘܣܢܝܩܘܬ̈ܐ ܟܝܢܝ̈ܐ ܒܒܪܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܗ̇ܝܓܗ̇ ܥܒܼܪܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܘܒܘܚܝܬ̈ܐ ܘܒܝܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܟܘܬܫܐ ܡܛܠ ܫܠܛܢܬܐ ܕܥܝ̈ܕܝܗܝ، ܡܪ̈ܕܘܬܝܗܝ، ܪ̈ܓܼܫܝܗܝ ܘܠܥܙ̈ܝܗܝ ܘܒܫܘܠܡܐ ܩܪܡܬܐ ܘܙܟܼܘܬܐ ܒܗܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܒܘܫܝܘܬܐ ܕܩܘܒܘܚܝܬ̈ܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܒܼܪܝ ܓܘ ܚܕܐ ܓܡܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܡܬܫܡܠܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܪܝܬܐ ܕܚܕܐ ܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܘܠܫܢܐ ܡܘܕܒܼܩܐ ܥܡ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܘܫܘܘܫܛܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܐܢܫܝܬܐ.
ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܪܚܩܐ ܠܦܪܡܝܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܚܕ ܒܪܢܫܐ ܐܬܝܐ ܒܥܠܬܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܒܝܘܠܘܿܓ̰ܝܬܐ ܘܦܪܡܝܬܗ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܡܨܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܟܠ ܩܘܒܘܚܬܐ ܕܒܪܝܐ ܩܐ ܓܢܗ̇ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܗܕܡ̈ܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܩܘܒܘܚܬܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܝܠܝܗܝ ܗܢܝܢ̈ܐ ܘܣܢܝܩܘܬ̈ܐ ܡܫܘܬܦ̈ܐ ܘܐܗܐ ܓܕܫܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܥܡܢ ܒܩܘܒܘܚـܝܬ̈ܗ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܐܕܝܘܡ ܒܩܪܝܐ ܝܘܚ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܢ ܣܘܕܝܐ (ܐܬܘܪܝܐ، ܟܠܕܝܐ، ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܐܪܡܝܐ) ܡܨܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܕܡ 3000 ܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܡܛܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܚܕ ܕܪܓܼܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܓܘ ܣܡܠܬܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܘܠܫܢܗ ܦܪܣܠܗ ܓܘ ܟܠܗ̇ ܦܢܝܬܐ ܘܗܘܐ ܠܗ ܗ̇ܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܒܘܫ ܥܬܝܪܐ ܩܐ ܡܪܚܫܬܐ ܕܚـܝܘܬܐ ܘܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ. ܐܝܢܐ ܐܗܐ ܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܐܠܗ̇ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܐܡܝܢܬܐ ܘܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܡܬܢ ܠܐ ܡܨܐܠܗ ܕܙܟܼܐ ܓܘ ܟܘܬܫܗ ܥܠ ܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܦܠܛܠܗܘܢ ܡܢܗ ܘܡܘܢܫܐܠܗ ܠܫܡܗ ܐܘܡܬܢܝܐ ܘܫܩܠܗ ܠܓܢܗ ܠܫܡܢ̈ܐ ܕܢܘܟܼܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܘܟܬܢܝ̈ܐ ܘܬܘܕܝܬܢܝ̈ܐ ܘܦܫܠܗ ܒܚـܝܐ ܓܘ ܗ̇ܘ ܩܠܒܼܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܘܫܪܘܝܐ.
2.4 ܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܼܬܐܛܟܼܣܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܓܘ ܟܠܗ̇ ܒܪܝܬܐ ܫܩܠܗ ܠܦܘܣܘܥܬܗ ܓܘ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܒܝܕ ܪܫܡܬܐ ܕܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܡܬܥܒܪ̈ܢܐ ܗ̇.ܕ ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܟܐ ܝܗܒܼܐ ܗܘܐ ܚܕ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܚܕ ܡܢܕܝ ܕܐܝܬܠܗ ܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ. ܘܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܪܟܒܼܬܐ ܕܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܠܚܕܕܐ ܟܐ ܡܨܐ ܗܘܐ ܒܪܢܫܐ ܠܡܡܛܘܝܐ ܬܚܡܢܬܗ ܘܡܐܡܪܗ ܩܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܚܕܟܡܐ ܛܘܦ̮ܣܐ ܕܫܪܝܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ: ܒܪܡܙܐ ܠܫܡܫܐ، ܒܪܡܙܐ ܠܦܬܐ،
ܒܪܡܙܐ ܠܬܝܬܐ ... ܘܫܪ. ܕܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܠܐܕܫ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܚـܝܘܬܐ ܒܗ̇ܘ ܙܒܼܢܐ. ܐܗܐ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܬܚܡܢܬܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܠܐ ܟܠܐܠܗ̇ ܠܐܟܼܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܪܚܫܠܗ̇ ܠܩܕܡܐ.
ܩܐ ܕܝܗܒܼܚ ܚܕܐ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܒܘܫ ܨܦܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܛܟܼܣܐ ܕܟܬܒܼܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܚܙܘܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܫܟ̰ܚܝܬܐ ܕܥܬܩ̈ܐ ܘܠܘܚ̈ܐ ܕܫܘܡܪ̈ܝܐ 4000 ܫܢ̈ܐ ܩ.ܡ ܟܐ ܡܦܠܚܝ ܗܘܘ ܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ. ܒܒܼܠܝܐ 3000 ܫܢ̈ܐ ܩ.ܡ ܒܪܐܠܗܘܢ ܩܠ̈ܐ ܒܫܘܦܐ ܕܐܢ̈ܐ ܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܨܨ̈ܐ (ܒܦܨܠܐ ܩܫܬܝܐ) ܘܡܢܝܢܝܗܝ ܝܗܘܘ ܗܠ 600 ܩܠ̈ܐ. ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ 2000 ܫܢ̈ܐ ܩ.ܡ ܡܘܬܐܠܗܘܢ ܩܠ̈ܐ ܒܘܫ ܦܫܝܛ̈ܐ ܘܡܘܒܨܪܗܘܢ ܠܡܢܝܢܝܗܝ ܗܠ 300 ܩܠ̈ܐ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܨܨ̈ܐ (ܒܦܨܠܐ ܕܓܘܢܝܐ ܝܢ ܙܘܝܬܐ).
ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܟܬܒܼܬܐ ܕܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ ܘܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܠܠ ܠܐܠܬܚܬ ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܟܿ ܟܬܒܼܠܗܘܢ ܐܘܦܩܐܝܬ، ܓܗܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܡܠܐ ܠܝܡܝܢܐ ܘܓܗܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܡܝܢܐ ܠܣܡܠܐ ܘܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܐܠܬܚܬ ܡܚܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܡܘܕܟܼܪ̈ܐ ܒܥܠܠ.( ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܣܦܪܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ)
ܐܗܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܓܘ ܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܘܩܠ̈ܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܼܪܗ ܒܚܕܐ ܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܒܘܫ ܓܘܪܬܐ ܘܐܠܨܝܬܐ ܒܕܪܐ 20 ܩ.ܡ ܐܘܦ ܐܬܐܠܗ ܠܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܚܕ ܣܕܪܐ ܕ 22 ܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ـ ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ـ ܬܐܘܡܐ ܐܘܕܘ ܒܟܬܒܼܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܦ̮ܝܢܝܩܝ̈ܐ ܡܘܕܝܢܗܘܢ ܠܐܢ̈ܐ ܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܒܫܢ݇ܬܐ 1500 ܩ.ܡ ܘܝܘܗܒܼܠܗܘܢ ܩܐ ܝܘܢܝ̈ܐ ܠܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܒܫܢ݇ܬܐ 1100 ܩ.ܡ.
ܒܒܝܬܦܠܓܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܕܪܐ 10 ܩ.ܡ ܚܕܪܝܐ ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܦܫܠܗܘܢ ܡܘܦܠܚ̈ܐ ܒܐܡܘܬ̈ܐ ܕܐܣܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ، ܐܝܢܐ ܫܪܫܝܗܝ ܟܠܝܗܝ ܝܗܘܘ ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܒܒܼܠܝܬܐ ـ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܘܒܐܠܬܚܬ ܡܚܙܘܝܐ ܝܘܚ ܠܚܕ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ( ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܣܦܪܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ).
ܠܘܚܐ 2
ܠܘܚܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܠܫܢܢ ܡ̣ܢ 4000 ـ 1500 ܫܢ̈ܐ ܩ.ܡ.
ܒܕܪܐ ܕܬܫܥܐ ܩ.ܡ ܥܒܼܪ̈ܝܐ ܡܘܦܠܚܠܗܘܢ ܠܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ـ ܒܒܼܠܝܬܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܠܗܘܢ ܠܨܠܡܝܗܝ ܘܝܘܢܝ̈ܐ ܫܩܠܗܘܢ ܠܐܢ̈ܐ ܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܘܡܘܥܒܼܪܗܘܢ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܨܠܡܝܗܝ ܘܡܘܥܒܼܪܗܘܢ ܚܡܫܐ ܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܩܠܢ̈ܐ ܥܠܝܗܝ ܘܗܕܟܼܐ ܐܘܦ ܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܚܘܡܐܠܗܘܢ ܠܪܐܙܐ ܘܫܘܚܠܦܠܗܘܢ ܠܨܠܡܐ ܕܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܘܡܘܥܒܼܪܗܘܢ ܥܠܝܗܝ ܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܚܕܬܐ.
ܒܕܪܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ ܫܘܪܐܠܗ ܣܪܛܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ ܘܡܥܪܒܼܝܐ. ܒܕܪܐ ܕܬܡܢܝܐ ܦܫܠܗܘܢ ܡܘܬܒܼܐ ܙܘܥ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ. ܒܕܪܐ ܕܫܒܼܥܐ ܦܫܠܗܘܢ ܡܘܦܠܚ̈ܐ ܠܙܘܥ̈ܐ ܒܠܥܙܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ ܘܒܕܪܐ ܕܬܡܢܝܐ ܒܠܥܙܐ ܡܥܪܒܼܝܐ. ( ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܣܦܪܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ)
3.4 ܛܟܼܣܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ 1.3.4 ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܒܐܠܬܚܬ ܡܚـܙܘܝܐ ܝܘܚ ܚܕܐ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܢ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ.
ܠܘܚܐ 3
ܒܚܙܝܐ ܝܘܚ ܓܘ ܕܐܗܐ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܫܡܝܐ ܦܠܝܓܼܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܐܪܒܥܐ ܡܢܬ̈ܐ:
1. ܦܥܘܐ ܡܕܢـܚـܝܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܝܕܥܝܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܘܦܝܫܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܒܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ. ܒܕܪܐ ܕܬܡܢܝܐ ܩ.ܡ ܦܥܘܐ ܡܕܢܚـܝܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 3) ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܥܒܼܪܗ ܓܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ܘܒܒܼܠ ܘܚـܒܼܛܠܗ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܘܦܠܛܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܗܘܐܠܗ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܘ ـ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ. ܐܗܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܗܘܡܙܡܐ ܒܝܕ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ܘܒܒܼܠ ܘܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܼܝܬ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܘܫܡܝܐ. ܢܣܛܘܪ̈ܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܕܫܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܡܝ ܘܡܘܨܠ ܟܐ ܡܦܠܚـܝ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܩܪܝܐ ܣܘܕܝܐ ܘܐܗܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝـܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܓܘ ܪܒܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܒܢ̈ܗ ܠܫܢܝ̈ܐ.
(ܓ. ܪ. ܒܵܝܪܹܐ ܦܪܘܦ̮ܣܘܪ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ)
(Encyc. Americana 1962 Vol.24 p549)
ܦܪܘܦ̮ܝܣܘܪ ܘ. ܦ̮. ܐܠܦ̮ܪܝܬ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܨܘܒ̈ܐ ܕܓ̰ܘܢܣ ܗܦܟܢܣ ܒܟܬܒܼܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ ܝܠܗ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܚܒܼܝܛܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܐܟܕܢܝܐ. ܓܘ ܚܕܟܡܐ ܗܡܙܡܢ̈ܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܟܐ ܡܦܠܚـܝ ܗܘܘ ܠܩܠܐ ܕ (ܕ، ܩ، ܫ) ܡ̣ܢ ܓܒܐ ܕܩܠܐ ܕ (ܓ، ܣ، ܬ) ܕܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ ܩܐ ܛܘܦ̮ܣܐ: ܐܕܐܪ، ܩܬܘ، ܐܫܘܪ، ܟܕ ܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ ܟܐ ܪܬܡܝ ܗܘܘ ܠܐܢ̈ܐ ܡܠܠ̈ܐ ܐܬܐܪ، ܓܬܘ، (G. R. Dviver: Enc.Br. 1960, vol. 2, p.570) ܐܣܘܪ.
2. ܦܥܘܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܐ: ܐܗܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܕܥܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܥܡܘܪܝܐ ܝܢ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܦܠܓܼܠܗ ܠܬܪܝ ܦܥܘ̈ܐ ܡܥܪܒܼܝܐ ܘܦܥܘܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ. ܦܥܘܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ ܥܒܼܪܗ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܘܚܒܼܛܠܗ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܘܡܢܝܗܝ ܦܠܛܠܗ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܘ ـ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ. ܦܥܘܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܒܡܥܪܒܼܐ ܕܦܪܬ ܘܦܫܠܗ ܩܪܝܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ. ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܦܠܓܼܠܗ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܠܥܙ̈ܐ، ܠܥܙܐ ܡܥܪܒܼܝܐ ܕܟܐ ܦܐܫ ܩܪܝܐ ܚܕܟܡܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܝܥܩܘܒܝܐ. ܠܥܙܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ ܕܦܫܠܗ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܘܦܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܕܥܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܘܪܗܝܐ، ܢܣܛܘܪܢܝܐ، ܣܦܪܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ( ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܣܦܪܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ) . ܦܥܘܐ ܡܥܪܒܼܝܐ ܦܠܓܼܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܐܢ̈ܐ ܠܥܙ̈ܐ:
ܐ. ܠܥܙܐ ܕܐܘܪܝܬܐ، ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܒܕܢܝܐܝܠ ܘܒܥܙܪܐ.
ܒ. ܠܥܙܐ ܕܬܪܓܘܡ، ܟܬܒܼܐ ܕܬܠܡܘܕ.
ܓ. ܠܥܙܐ ܫܡܪܝܐ ܗܘܡܙܡܐ ܒܛܝܦܐ ܫܡܪܝܐ
3. ܦܥܘܐ ܡܥܪܒܼܝܐ ܥܒܼܪܝܐ ܕܦܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܒܝܕ ܥܒܼܪ̈ܝܐ .
4. ܦܥܘܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ: ܫܝܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܦܝܫܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܥܪܒܣܬܢ ܡܘܦܠܚܠܗܘܢ ܚܕ ܠܥܙܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܕܦܫܠܗ ܩܪܝܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܐܗܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܘܕܝܢܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ.
ܠܘܚܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܬܒܼܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܘܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܘܬܐ ܡܚܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܡܨܐܠܗ ܒܗ̇ܝ ܐܚܪܝܬܐ ܐܗܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܠܡܬܘܒܼܐ ܩܐ ܓܢܗ ܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܩܠܢ̈ܐ ܘܫܠܝ̈ܐ ܘܒܢܝܬܐ ܕܡܠܠ̈ܐ ܘܨܘܪ̈ܥܦܝܗܝ ܘܡܪܟܒܼܬܐ ܕܦܬܓܼܡ̈ܐ ܘܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ.(1)
ܒܕܪܐ ܬܡܝܢܝܐ ܣܝܘܡ̈ܐ ܡܥܪ̈ܒܼܝܐ ܒܝܗܒܼܐ ܝܢܐ ܣܗܕܘܬ̈ܐ ܕܝܘܒܠܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܕܠܥܙܐ ܡܕܢܚـܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܥܒܼܪܗ ܓܘ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ܘܒܒܼܠ ܘܚܒܼܛܠܗ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܘܦܠܛܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܡܙܓܼܬܐ ܗܘܐܠܗ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ، ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܘ ـ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܘܐܗܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܦܫܠܗ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܗܡܙܡܬܐ ܘܦܪܡܝܬܐ ܕܟܠܗ ܐܬܪܐ. ܒܟܬܒܼܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܪܘܦ̮ܝܣܘܪ ܓ.ܪ ܒܵܝܪܹܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ:« ܢܣܛܘܪ̈ܢܝܐ ܥܡܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܕܫܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܡܝ، ܛܘܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܣܬܢ ܘܕܫܬܐ ܕܡܘܨܠ ܟܐ ܡܦܠܚـܝ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܩܪܝܐ ܣܘܕܝܐ. ܐܗܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܡܚܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܪܒܐ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܘܪܒܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܫܚܬ̈ܗ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܡܫܟ̰ܝܚܐ ܓܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܢܛܝܪ̈ܐ ܒܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܩܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܩܪܝـܚـܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܕܝܐ (ܠܫܢܐ ܣܦܪܝܐ ܕܩܐܡ) ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܬܝܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܐܠܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܩܘܪܒܐ ܥܠܗ...» (2)
ܦܪܘܦ̮ܝܣܘܪ ܘ.ܦ. ܐܲܠܒܪܵܝܬ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܨܘܒ̈ܐ ܕܓ̰ܘܢܣ ܗܦܟܢܣ ܒܟܬܒܼܐ ܝܠܗ: « ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܘܕܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܪܝܐܝܬ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ. ܡ̣ܢ ܒܬܪ 500 ܩ.ܡ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܦܝܫܠܗ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܝܒܼܝܬ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܘܫܡܝܐ ܕܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ. ܐܝܢܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܗܘܐܠܗ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܗܡܙܬܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ (ܣܘܕܝܐ). ܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ ܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܚܒܼܝܛܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐـ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ» (3).
ܐܣܝܐ ܦܐܪܐ ܣܪܡܣ ܓܘ ܣܦܪܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܒܫܢ݇ܬܐ 1969 ܡ ܒܟܬܒܼܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܘ ـ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܗܡܙܡܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܒܒܼܠܝ̈ܐ. ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܕܝܐ ܕܐܕܝܘܡ ܦܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܘܦܠܚܐ ܒܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܝܪܢ ܘܥܝܪܩ ܘܗ̇ܘ ܝܠܗ ܚܕ ܦܨܠܐ ܠܐ ܕܟܼܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܘ ـ ܐܟܕܢܝܐ. ܒܥܠܬܐ ܕܚـܝܬܐ ܕܥܡܢ ܬܚܘܬ ܫܘܠܛܢ̈ܐ ܕܥܡܡ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܡܘܕܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܪܒܐ ܚܫܚܬ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܢ̈ܐ ܥܡܡ̈ܐ، ܗܕܟܼܐ ܬܘܠܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܕܟܼܝܘܬܗ. ܠܐܟܼܐ ܚܬܝܬܐ ܝܘܚ ܘܡܨܚ ܕܐܡܪܚ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܕܝܐ ܢܒܼܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ (ܐܟܕܢܝܐ) ܘܚܫܚܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܘܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܦܐܫ ܩܪܝܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ.
(1) G.R Berry: Languages: Enc. Americana 1962.
(2) Encyl. Americana 1962 Vol.24, p.549
(3) Encyl. Americana 1962 Vol. 1
ܠܘܚܐ ܕܡܬܛܘܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܬܒܼܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܘܡܐܙܠܬܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܘܬܐ ܡܚܙܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܡܨܐܠܗ ܒܗ̇ܝ ܐܚܪܝܬܐ ܠܡܬܘܒܼܐ ܩܐ ܓܢܗ ܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܘܙܘܥ̈ܐ ܘܒܢܝܬܐ ܕܡܠܠ̈ܐ ܘܨܘܪ̈ܥܦܝܗܝ ܘܡܪܟܒܼܬܐ ܕܦܬܓܼܡ̈ܐ ܘܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ.
ܡܝܛܪܦܘܠܝܛܐ ܝܥܩܘܒ ܡܢܢܐ ܡܕܟܼܘܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܥܘܬܕܐ ܕܠܟܣܝܩܘܢܗ ܕܫܘܡܗܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܝܬܝܐ ܠܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܬܼܡܐ ܐܬܼܘܪܝܐ ܘܐܣܘܪܝܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܬܼܡܐ ܝܘܢܝ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܡܠܟܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܣܘܪܣ.
ܡܪܝ ܢܪܣܝ 437ـ507 ܓܘ ܡܫܘܚܬܗ ܒܠܒܠܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܡܦܠܘܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܡܗܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ (ܡ̣ܢ ܟܘܢܫܡܠܠ̈ܐ ܙܗܪܝܪܐ).
ܡܝܟܼܐܝܠ ܪܒܐ 1126ـ 1199 ܒܐܡܪܐ ܝܠܗ: ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ، ܟܠܕܝ̈ܐ ܘܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ
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